See -es in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-es"
}
],
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"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
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},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
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},
{
"lang": "Scots",
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],
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}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-as<id:plural>",
"id": "plural"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-es\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"plural\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-es\" id=\"Middle_English:_plural\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-as",
"pos": "a-stem nominative/accusative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -as (a-stem nominative/accusative plural suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -as (a-stem nominative/accusative plural suffix), of disputed origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-as",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-æs",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-s",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English",
"especially"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ys",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-us",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
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"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
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"name": "head"
}
],
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"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the (nominative/accusative) plural form of regular nouns."
],
"id": "en--es-enm-suffix-v8ZoptCb",
"links": [
[
"nominative",
"nominative#English"
],
[
"accusative",
"accusative#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
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{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
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},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-'s"
}
],
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},
{
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{
"lang": "Scots",
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}
],
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}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
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"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-es",
"id": "possessive"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-as\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-es\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-es\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"possessive\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-es\" id=\"Middle_English:_possessive\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
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"2": "ang",
"3": "-es"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
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"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-as"
},
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},
{
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"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-as"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-as",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -es, from Proto-West Germanic *-as, form Proto-Germanic *-as.\nThe use of this suffix as a genitive plural is due to the combined influence of its use as a genitive singular and the plural suffix -es.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-s",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ys",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-us",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
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},
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"name": "head"
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],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the genitive singular of nouns."
],
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"links": [
[
"genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
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],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
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"Used to form the genitive plural of nouns."
],
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[
"genitive",
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],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
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],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ene"
},
{
"word": "-e"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Early Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
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],
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"links": [
[
"strong",
"strong#English"
],
[
"genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English, rare) Forms the strong genitive singular of adjectives."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adjectival genitive"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"morpheme",
"rare"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ce"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ce"
}
],
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"word": "-is"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
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},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ce"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-s"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-es",
"id": "adverbial"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-as\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-es\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-es\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"adverbial\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-es\" id=\"Middle_English:_adverbial\">",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the Old English adverbial suffix -es, taken from the genitive singular suffix -es due to the analogy of genitive singular forms bearing the suffix used adverbially, although applied indiscriminately to adverbs, prepositions, and nouns which formed the genitive singular differently; see Etymology 2.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-s",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
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{
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"cat2": "derivational suffixes"
},
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"name": "head"
}
],
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"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms adverbs from nouns, prepositions, or other adverbs, denoting means, place, or time."
],
"id": "en--es-enm-suffix-zuCiT7SE",
"links": [
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
],
[
"preposition",
"preposition#English"
],
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
],
[
"mean",
"mean#English"
],
[
"place",
"place#English"
],
[
"time",
"time#English"
]
],
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"morpheme"
]
}
],
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"Old English"
],
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}
{
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{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"-es after sibilants"
],
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},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"raw_tags": [
"-es after sibilants"
],
"word": "-s"
}
],
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"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
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}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verbal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang-ang",
"3": "-as",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "second-person singular",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "class 2 weak second-person singular",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Anglian Old English -as (class 2 weak second-person singular)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang-ang",
"3": "-as",
"id": "second-person singular",
"nocap": "1",
"pos": "class 2 weak second-person singular"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Anglian Old English -as (class 2 weak second-person singular)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōsi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōsi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂yési"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "non",
"3": "-ar",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "semantic loan from Old Norse -ar",
"name": "semantic loan"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-aþ"
},
"expansion": "Old English -aþ",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "inherited from Anglian Old English -as (class 2 weak second-person singular), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs, from Proto-Germanic *-ōsi, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési. Compare the competing second-person singular suffix -est.\nIn Northumbrian Old English, -as was extended to the third-person singular as a semantic loan from Old Norse -ar, -ir, -r, which formed both the second- and third-person singular present indicative. The model provided by the resultant variation in third-person singular forms soon led to -aþ being supplemented by -as in the plural as well, with the innovative forms in /s/ eventually mostly displacing those in /θ/ in Northern Middle English.\nHowever, it is occasionally supposed that the third-person singular and plural are unrelated to the second-person singular, with the former deriving from Old English -aþ (the failure of /θ/ to become /s/ elsewhere is explained by this being a special assimilatory or dissimilatory form that was subsequently generalised) and the latter deriving from the Old English nominative/accusative noun plural -as.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Midland",
"tags": [
"North"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-us",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ys",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-s",
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"Late-Middle-English",
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]
}
],
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{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 6 7 4 7 15 15 16 15 2 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
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},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
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},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
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},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
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"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
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"especially",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
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"kind": "other",
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},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
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"links": [
[
"third-person singular",
"third-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
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"especially",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
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{
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},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
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},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northwest Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the plural present indicative of verbs."
],
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"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
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]
],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"categories": [
{
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},
{
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"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northwest Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the first-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
"id": "en--es-enm-suffix-uDw1q~zl",
"links": [
[
"first-person singular",
"first-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Late Middle English) Used to form the first-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
"tags": [
"Late-Middle-English",
"Northern",
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-(ə)s/"
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
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"altform": "1"
},
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"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-yssh"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -yssh"
],
"id": "en--es-enm-suffix-TQ43QIdY",
"links": [
[
"-yssh",
"-yssh#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
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"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"etymology_number": 6,
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},
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}
],
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"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "-ess",
"word": "-esse"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -esse (-ess)"
],
"id": "en--es-enm-suffix-uN7RLjvC",
"links": [
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Middle_English:_-ess"
]
],
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"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
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},
{
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{
"lang": "Scots",
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},
{
"lang": "Scots",
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}
],
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},
{
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},
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"lang": "Scots",
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}
],
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],
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"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-as",
"pos": "a-stem nominative/accusative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -as (a-stem nominative/accusative plural suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -as (a-stem nominative/accusative plural suffix), of disputed origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-as",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-æs",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-s",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English",
"especially"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ys",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-us",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the (nominative/accusative) plural form of regular nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"nominative",
"nominative#English"
],
[
"accusative",
"accusative#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adverb-forming suffixes",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-'s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-'s"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-'s"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-s"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-es",
"id": "possessive"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-as\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-es\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-es\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"possessive\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-es\" id=\"Middle_English:_possessive\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Old English -es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-as"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-as",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-as"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-as",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -es, from Proto-West Germanic *-as, form Proto-Germanic *-as.\nThe use of this suffix as a genitive plural is due to the combined influence of its use as a genitive singular and the plural suffix -es.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-s",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ys",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-us",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the genitive singular of nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:genitive singular"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the genitive plural of nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:genitive plural"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ene"
},
{
"word": "-e"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Early Middle English",
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the strong genitive singular of adjectives."
],
"links": [
[
"strong",
"strong#English"
],
[
"genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English, rare) Forms the strong genitive singular of adjectives."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adjectival genitive"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"morpheme",
"rare"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adverb-forming suffixes",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English derivational suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ce"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ce"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ce"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-s"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-es",
"id": "adverbial"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-as\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-es\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-es\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"adverbial\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-es\" id=\"Middle_English:_adverbial\">",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the Old English adverbial suffix -es, taken from the genitive singular suffix -es due to the analogy of genitive singular forms bearing the suffix used adverbially, although applied indiscriminately to adverbs, prepositions, and nouns which formed the genitive singular differently; see Etymology 2.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-s",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "derivational suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms adverbs from nouns, prepositions, or other adverbs, denoting means, place, or time."
],
"links": [
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
],
[
"preposition",
"preposition#English"
],
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
],
[
"mean",
"mean#English"
],
[
"place",
"place#English"
],
[
"time",
"time#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Old English"
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adverb-forming suffixes",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English semantic loans from Old Norse",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Anglian Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Old Norse",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Anglian Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Northeast Midland Middle English",
"Northern Middle English",
"Northwest Midland Middle English",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"-es after sibilants"
],
"word": "-s"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"raw_tags": [
"-es after sibilants"
],
"word": "-s"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-is"
}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verbal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang-ang",
"3": "-as",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "second-person singular",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "class 2 weak second-person singular",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Anglian Old English -as (class 2 weak second-person singular)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang-ang",
"3": "-as",
"id": "second-person singular",
"nocap": "1",
"pos": "class 2 weak second-person singular"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Anglian Old English -as (class 2 weak second-person singular)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōsi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōsi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂yési"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "non",
"3": "-ar",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "semantic loan from Old Norse -ar",
"name": "semantic loan"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-aþ"
},
"expansion": "Old English -aþ",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "inherited from Anglian Old English -as (class 2 weak second-person singular), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs, from Proto-Germanic *-ōsi, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési. Compare the competing second-person singular suffix -est.\nIn Northumbrian Old English, -as was extended to the third-person singular as a semantic loan from Old Norse -ar, -ir, -r, which formed both the second- and third-person singular present indicative. The model provided by the resultant variation in third-person singular forms soon led to -aþ being supplemented by -as in the plural as well, with the innovative forms in /s/ eventually mostly displacing those in /θ/ in Northern Middle English.\nHowever, it is occasionally supposed that the third-person singular and plural are unrelated to the second-person singular, with the former deriving from Old English -aþ (the failure of /θ/ to become /s/ elsewhere is explained by this being a special assimilatory or dissimilatory form that was subsequently generalised) and the latter deriving from the Old English nominative/accusative noun plural -as.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Midland",
"tags": [
"North"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-us",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ys",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-s",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English",
"especially"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"third-person singular",
"third-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the plural present indicative of verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Late Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the first-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"first-person singular",
"first-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Late Middle English) Used to form the first-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
"tags": [
"Late-Middle-English",
"Northern",
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-(ə)s/"
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adverb-forming suffixes",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-yssh"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -yssh"
],
"links": [
[
"-yssh",
"-yssh#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adverb-forming suffixes",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 6,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "-ess",
"word": "-esse"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -esse (-ess)"
],
"links": [
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Middle_English:_-ess"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -es meaning in Middle English (15.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (f3d3fdb and ae80fde). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.